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All Attendance vs Negative Attendance Capture

The Ed-Fi Student Attendance domain model supports two styles for reporting attendance:

1. All attendance events are captured: one attendance event is recorded for each student against each school day, section, program, or intervention. In this model, both "positive" ("In Attendance") and "negative" attendance events ("Excused Absence", "Excused Absence", "Tardy", etc.) are captured. 
2. Negative attendance only. In this model, "positive" attendance is not captured, and only the exceptions to being in attendance are captured ("Excused Absence", "Excused Absence", "Tardy", etc.)

Both models are possible, but the RECOMMENDED pattern is to use negative attendance only for school and section based attendance UNLESS there is additional data captured as part of the positive attendance record.

There are two reasons to prefer the negative-only capture:

• Sending all attendance events has the effect of exploding the volume of record exchange (generally negative attendance is <10% of all events)
• The data on positive attendance can – by using standard calendar data exports – be inferred and is therefore redundant

Capturing both positive and negative attendance events is RECOMMENDED when there is additional data capture associated with the positive attendance record. For example, a school offering students both a "remote" and "on campus" option may choose to capture how attendance is verified for "remote" attendance, and therefore use codes such as "In attendance - completed assignment" or "In attendance - participated synchronously online", etc. In this case, the capture of positive attendance is needed to capture this additional data.

School Day vs Section Period Attendance 

There are two common ways to mark attendance, school-based and section-based. School-based models are common in lower grades where a student's attendance is assessed against the entire school day. Section-based models are common in upper grades where a student's attendance is assessed against specific section periods. When multiple periods exist for a section on the same day, the one or more class periods may be referenced.

Generally, a section-based model "rolls up" to a school-based model as well. In other words, the student was "Tardy" for "Period 1" and is also "Tardy" for the overall school day.

In using Ed-Fi to represent attendance, systems SHOULD provide overall school-based attendance. This ensures that systems that are looking for simplified views on a student's overall school attendance patterns have a simplified way of understanding how school day attendance was assessed, without having to replicate the business logic of converting from section-based attendance to school day attendance, which involves business logic likely opaque to downstream systems.

However, where section based attendance is captured, compliant systems SHOULD also provide section-based attendance events.

Sample Use Cases

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Definition and Key Concepts

Research shows that student attendance is an important factor in student achievement.  Excessive or chronic student absences negatively impact student achievement because of the lost opportunities to learn.  High quality and timely attendance data is needed to:

• Support research on the near term and long term impacts of chronic absenteeism.
• Analyze student attendance data to correlate with student demographic groups, academic performance, grade levels, retention patterns, school completion, and graduation.
• Provide early warning to identify specific students who are chronically absent or at risk of being chronically absent.
• Track student’s absences due to disciplinary detention, suspension, or expulsion.
• Inform student and family supports and interventions to improve a student’s attendance.

In addition, student attendance may be used to determine state school funding or program grant funding, making attendance data high-stakes.

Attendance is defined as when a student is identified, or marked, as being Absent, Present, or Tardy, in whole or in part. Attendance may be collected at different levels of granularity:

• School attendance, indicating whether the student has attended the school for the entire school day, a portion of the school day, or has been absent for the entire school day. School attendance is marked for each instructional day in the school year.
• Section attendance – used in secondary education settings which organizes the instruction into sections – indicating full or partial attendance or absence for each period the section meets. Section attendance is marked for each class period the section meets.
• Program attendance, tracking a student’s participation in a program and/or a student receiving services as part of a program. Program attendance is marked for each scheduled time the student is to participate in the program or receive program services.
• Intervention attendance, marking the student as present or absent for scheduled intervention activities. Intervention attendance is marked for each scheduled time the student is receiving intervention instruction or services.

 The Ed-Fi attendance domain supports all of these options.

There are generally two popular practices for taking attendance:

• Negative attendance: the practice of taking student attendance when a teacher marks a student is absent. Marking negative attendance most often involves a manual process whereby a teacher or other staff marks a student absent into an automated system, most likely the student information system (SIS). 
• Positive attendance: the practice of taking student attendance when students identify themselves as being present. Positive attendance is often supported by hardware or other mechanisms that allow the student to “check in” without regular manual teacher actions.

Partial attendance – where a student arrives late (tardy) or leaves early – may be marked as part of either positive or negative attendance practices.

Attendance in Ed-Fi is event-based. An attendance event represents the recording in the Ed-Fi API/ODS whether a student is Present or Absent (or Tardy) for the school day, for a scheduled section, program, or intervention activity.  This is typically written by the SIS.

Note that the negative or positive attendance practices in the school and classroom are independent of whether only Absent attendance events, only Present attendance events, or both are written into the Ed-Fi API/ODS.  For example, the process may only mark absences, but the SIS may write both absent and present, assuming any student that is not absent is present.  The same may be true for positive attendance.

An attendance event has the following attributes and associations:

• Reference to the Student
• Reference to the appropriate School, Section, Program or Intervention
• Date of the attendance event
• The category of the attendance event, indicating whether the event is recording “present,” “absent” or “partial attendance” (arrives late (tardy) or leaves early). It may also include other key categorizations such as
  • If present, the modality of learning (e.g., classroom, remote, blended)
  • If absent, whether the absence is excused or not excused.
  • If absent or tardy, the associated category for the reason

Optionally, an attendance event may also include:

• The detailed reason for the absent, present, or partial attendance, as applicable
• The education environment (setting) where the (present) student receives instruction or services
• The arrival and departure times of the student
• The duration of the attendance event

It is important to remember that statutes and practices differ from state to state and across localities concerning recognized reasons for student absences.

Attendance Use Cases

The attendance domain addresses all use cases related to school, section, program, and intervention attendance, as shown in the following table. Each type of attendance event has its own specific attendance event entity.

These best practices focus on the Attendance domain, consisting of the following entities and associations:

• StudentSchoolAttendanceEvent represents the recording of whether a student is in attendance for a school day.
• StudentSectionAttendanceEvent represents the recording of whether a student is in attendance for a section.
• SectionAttendanceTakenEvent captures whether attendance was taken event for given section.
• StudentProgramAttendanceEvent represents the recording of whether a student is in attendance to receive or participate in program services.
• StudentInterventionAttendanceEvent represents the recording of whether a student is in attendance for an intervention service.

Note that staff attendance, known as staff leave, is captured by the StaffLeave entity in the Staff domain.

Ed-Fi Prerequisites for Writing Attendance Domain Entities

The attendance domain has dependencies on other data that should be entered into eth Ed-Fi API/ODS prior to writing attendance events, as follows:

• Yearly API/ODS setup. The best practice convention has a separate API/ODS for each school year. This means that attendance events must be written into the appropriate API/ODS for the appropriate school year.
• EducationOrganizations, minimally Schools and LocalEducationAgency(s), need to be created for the scope of the ODS.
  
  
• Calendar(s) for the various Schools and GradeLevel(s), indicating the designated school (instructional) days by CalendarDate, the Sessions, and GradingPeriods.
• As being part of the key for the various types of attendance events, a Student entity needs to be written before any attendance event is entered.
• A StudentSchoolAssociation (or StudentEducationOrganizationResponsibilityAssociation) needs to be written for the student before a StudentSchoolAttendanceEvent is entered for the corresponding school.
• For school and grade levels with a bell schedule for sections, The BellSchedule and ClassPeriods need to be defined.
• A Section entity and a StudentSectionAssociation needs to be written before a StudentSectionAttendanceEvent is entered for the corresponding student and section.
• A Program entity and a StudentProgramAssocation or any StudentXXXProgamAssociation needs to be written before a StudentProgramAttendanceEvent is entered for the corresponding program.
• An Intervention entity and a StudentInterventionAssocation needs to be written before a StudentInterventionAttendanceEvent is entered for the corresponding program.
• Descriptor values need to be loaded. The Attendance domain has dependency on two sets of descriptors that are part of the AttendanceEvent common that is the used by the StudentSchoolAttendanceEvent, the StudentSectionAttendanceEvent, the StudentProgramAttendanceEvent, and the StudentInterventionAttendanceEvent.
  • AttendanceEventCategory is a required descriptor which typically has custom values associated associated with the attendance codes collected in the Student Information System. The descriptor values typically include:
    • For absent events, whether the absence is excused or unexcused.
    • For absent events, a categorization of the reason for the absence, as per policy
    • For partial attendance, whether tardy or left early.
    • For present events, modality of learning (e.g., classroom, remote, blended)
  • EducationalEnvironment is an optional descriptor indicating the setting in which a child receives education and related services. As an attribute of the StudentSectionAttendanceEvent, the attribute is typically only used if it differs from the EducationalEnvironment of the associated Section.

Recommended Patterns for the Attendance Domain

Understand positive and negative attendance practices

It is important to understand the kind of attendance practices in the classroom and distinguish how they are reported by the SIS into the Ed-Fi API/ODS.

• Negative attendance assumes that all students are present unless marked as being absent by the teacher. This process requires classroom time and the teacher’s attention.  The negative attendance process is disrupted by late-arriving students who now must be marked tardy instead of absent.  SIS features are often able to write both absent and present attendance events even though the process only captures absences.
• Positive attendance starts with a clean slate, recording students as present only when they check in to the classroom. There are several hardware options and other mechanisms supported by a SIS to implement this check-in process that minimizes the time required by the teacher.  With these systems, students that do not check-in are marked as absent.

Consistent attendance marking practices

 It is important that attendance marking (the process of taking attendance) and attendance reporting to the API/ODS be consistent, as follows:

• The choice of the attendance taking process – negative or positive – should be defined in policy and consistently applied.
• School, section, program, and intervention attendance practices should be applied uniformly.
• Attendance practices should be included in staff training and compliance with those practices should be monitored. The SectionAttendanceTakenEvent is used for this purpose.
• Attendance should be taken daily and reported to the API/ODS the same day.
• Changes to a student’s attendance events, for example, changing from an unexcused absence to an excused absence when a parent’s response is received, should be promptly reported.

Write both absent and present attendance events

Best practices indicate that both absent and present attendance events be written to the API/ODS independent of whether a negative or positive attendance process is used.

• Writing both absent and present improves the quality of attendance data since the lack of an attendance event for a school day, section class period, or program or intervention time period indicates a missing attendance event.
• For absent attendance events, the AttendanceEventCategory descriptor value records the reason for the absence and whether the absence is excused or unexcused.
• For present attendance events, the AttendanceEventCategory may indicate the modality of learning (e.g., classroom, remote, blended), reflecting for example that a student who normally attends class in person was present but joining remotely. The EducationalEnvironment attribute may reflect the setting where the student received instruction or services.
• For tardy attendance events, the AttendanceEventCategory descriptor value records the reason for the tardy.

It should be noted that attendance events are typically the largest number of records written to an Ed-Fi API/ODS.  Writing only absent and tardy attendance event will substantially reduce the number of attendance evet records but should only be done if there is no additional information captured as part of a positive attendance process.

Map attendance codes to the AttendanceEventCategory descriptor

The categorization of attendance events using codes defined in the Student Information System (SIS) is a common practice. In some cases, the operation of the schools may define a set of attendance codes that are more granular than is desired to be reported to the API/ODS.  In these cases, an explicit, published mapping of SIS attendance codes to the AttendanceEventCategory descriptor values should be defined.  Most SIS with an Ed-Fi API/ODS interface supports mapping SIS codes into Ed-Fi descriptors.

Deriving school day attendance from section-based attendance

School-only attendance practices are common in primary grades and grades when the school day is not organized into section periods.  When section attendance is taken for each class period in a day, policy will define how school-level attendance is derived; there are many options, including:

• Designation of a homeroom section when daily attendance is taken
• Designation of a homeroom class period during the school day when daily attendance is taken
• Specification of a minimum duration of time (or alternatively begin and end times), across all class periods in a school day that a student must be in attendance in order to be counted as present for an entire day. Similar business rules may be defined for portions of the school day.
• Similar computation rules are needed to compute school tardy events from section tardy or absent events.

Care must be taken in cases of block scheduling, when different sections meet on different days of the week.

According to policy, the derivation of school-level attendance from section attendance should be computed and reported by the SIS as a StudentSchoolAttendanceEvent, rather than leaving the computation to a downstream report.  This ensures consistency across all data sources.

When school attendance is derived from section attendance, the importance of section attendance is raised.  Use of the SectionAttendanceTakenEvent is recommended to validate the quality of the section attendance.

Best Practices in Using the Attendance Domain

AttendanceEvent common

All of the attendance event entities (StudentSchoolAttendanceEvent, StudentSectionAttendanceEvent, StudentProgramAttendanceEvent, and StudentInterventionAttendanceEvent) use the AttendanceEvent common for the details of the attendance event.  The following table summarizes the best practice use of the AttendanceEvent common attributes.

Best Practices for the use of the AttendanceEvent Common Attributes

Keys in reading the table:

• Required attributes in Ed-Fi are hard constraints, meaning that a record or API payload will be rejected if the attribute is not present. These necessarily include key values.
• Must Have attributes are those whose intended use of the entity requires them to be used, even if, upon creation, they may not be present.
• Recommended attributes are those whose best practices encourage their use.
• As Needed attributes are those that should be used when appropriate, based upon policy.

StudentSchoolAttendanceEvent

The StudentSchoolAttendanceEvent records whether a student is Absent, Present or Tardy for a school day according to attendance policies. Each school in which a student is enrolled (whether singly- or dually-enrolled) is responsible for taking attendance for the day or portion of the day.

Best Practices for the use of the StudentSchoolAttendanceEvent Attributes

StudentSectionAttendanceEvent

The StudentSectionAttendanceEvent records whether a student is Absent, Present or Tardy for a section that meets during a class period during a school day, according to attendance policies.

Best Practices for the use of the StudentSectionAttendanceEvent Attributes

SectionAttendanceTakenEvent

The SectionAttendanceEventTaken entity is used to record and monitor whether attendance was taken for a given section for each day the section meets.   The entity is written for each time attendance as taken.  The lack of a SectionAttendanceTakenEvent for a section on a meeting day means that attendance was not taken.

Best Practices for the use of the SectionAttendanceEventTaken Attributes

StudentProgramAttendanceEvent

The StudentProgramAttendanceEvent records whether a student is Absent, Present or Tardy for a designated time period to receive services or participate in the program, according to attendance policies.

Best Practices for the use of the StudentProgramAttendanceEvent Attributes

StudentInterventionAttendanceEvent

The StudentInterventionAttendanceEvent records whether a student is Absent, Present or Tardy for a designated time period for intervention services, according to attendance policies.

Best Practices for the use of the StudentInterventionAttendanceEvent Attributes